Why Topping/Lopping Hurts Trees >> |
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| Topping (also commonly referred to as Lopping) is perhaps the most harmful tree pruning practice known. Yet, despite more than 25 years of literature and seminars explaining its harmful effects, topping/lopping remains a common practice. This document explains why topping/lopping is not an acceptable pruning technique and offers better alternatives. |
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| What is Topping/Lopping? |
| Topping is the indiscriminate cutting of tree branches to stubs or lateral branches that are not large enough to assume the terminal role. Other names for topping include “heading,” “tipping,” “hat-racking,” and “rounding over.” |
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| The most common reason given for topping is to reduce the size of a tree. Home owners often feel that their trees have become too large for their property. |
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| People fear that tall trees may pose a hazard. Topping, however, is not a viable method of height reduction and certainly does not reduce the hazard. |
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| In fact, Topping will make a tree more hazardous in the long term. |
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| Topping Stresses Trees |
| Leaves are the food factories of a tree and so removing them can temporarily starve a tree. Topping often removes 50 to 100 % of the leaf-bearing crown of a tree. |
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| The severity of the pruning triggers a sort of survival mechanism. The tree activates latent buds, forcing the rapid growth of multiple shoots below each cut. The tree needs to put out a new crop of leaves as soon as possible. If a tree does not have the stored energy reserves to do so, it will be seriously weakened and may die. |
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| A stressed tree is more vulnerable to insect and disease infestations. Large, open pruning wounds expose the sapwood and heartwood to attacks. The tree may lack sufficient energy to chemically defend the wounds against invasion, and some insects are actually attracted to the chemical signals that trees release. |
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| Topping Causes Decay |
| The preferred location to make a pruning cut is just beyond the branch collar at the branch’s point of attachment. The tree is biologically equipped to close such a wound, provided the tree is healthy enough and the wound is not too large. |
Cuts made along a limb between lateral branches create stubs with wounds that the tree may not be able to close. The exposed wood tissues begin to decay.
Normally a tree will “wall off,” or compartmentalize the decaying tissues, but few trees can defend the multiple severe wounds caused by topping. The decay organisms are given a free path to move down through the branches.
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 Topping Can Lead to Sunburn
Branches within a tree’s crown produce thousands of leaves to absorb sunlight. When the leaves are removed, the remaining branches and trunk are suddenly exposed to high levels of light and heat. The result may be sunburn of the tissues beneath the bark, which can lead to cankers, bark splitting, and death of some branches. |
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 Topping Creates Hazards
The survival mechanism that causes a tree to produce multiple shoots below each topping cut comes at great expense to the tree. These shoots develop from buds near the surface of the old branches. Unlike normal branches that develop in a socket of overlapping wood tissues, these new shoots are anchored only in the outermost layers of the parent branches.
The new shoots grow quickly, as much as 20 feet in one year in some species. Unfortunately, the shoots are prone to breaking, especially during windy conditions. The irony is that while the goal was to reduce the tree’s height to make it safer, it has actually been made more hazardous than before. |
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 Topping Makes Trees Ugly
The natural branching structure of a tree is a biological wonder. Trees form a variety of shapes and growth habits, all with the same goal of presenting their leaves to the sun. Topping removes the ends of the branches, often leaving ugly stubs. Topping destroys the natural form of a tree.
With topping, the form and structure of the tree is compromised to a dense ball of foliage which lacks the trees natural form and simple grace. A tree that has been topped can never fully regain its natural form. |
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| Topping Is Expensive |
| The cost of topping a tree is not limited to paying the contractor for the work. If the tree survives, it will require pruning again within only a few years. A topped tree will either need to be reduced again or failures damage will have to be cleaned up. If the tree dies, it will have to be removed. |
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| Topping is a high-maintenance pruning practice, with some hidden costs such as a reduction in property value. Healthy, well-maintained trees can add 10 to 20 percent to the value of a property. Disfigured, topped trees are considered an impending expense. . |
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| Another possible cost of topped trees is their potential liability. Topped trees are very prone to breaking and can be hazardous. Because topping is considered an unacceptable pruning practice, any damage caused by branch failure of a topped tree may lead to a finding of negligence in a court of law. |
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| Alternatives to Topping – Arborists Prune Trees |
 Sometimes a tree must be reduced in height or spread. Providing clearance for utility lines is an example. There are recommended techniques for doing so. If practical, branches should be removed back to their point of origin.
If a branch must be shortened, it should be cut back to a lateral branch that is large enough to assume the terminal role. A rule of thumb is to cut back to a lateral that is at least one-third the diameter of the limb being removed.
This method of branch reduction helps to preserve the natural form of the tree. However, if large cuts are involved, the tree may not be able to close over and compartmentalize the wounds. Sometimes the best solution is to remove the tree and replace it with a species that is more appropriate for the site. |
